Other abnormalities to the blood vessels, such as fibromuscular dysplasia, have been reported in a proportion of cases.
2.
In most people fibromuscular dysplasia or atherosclerosis is the reason for the occlusion of a renal artery which ultimately leads to this condition.
3.
Patients with Down syndrome, sickle cell anemia, neurofibromatosis type 1, congenital heart disease, fibromuscular dysplasia, activated protein C resistance, or head trauma can develop moyamoya malformations.
4.
Further episodes of cervical artery dissection are more common in those who are younger, have a family history of cervical artery dissection, or have a diagnosis of Ehlers-Danlos syndrome or fibromuscular dysplasia.
5.
"' Ex vivo reconstruction "', short for ex vivo renal artery reconstruction and autotransplantation, is a technique mainly used for complex disease involving multiple segmental branches in patients with fibromuscular dysplasia.
6.
Observational studies and case reports published since the early 1980s show that patients with spontaneous internal carotid artery dissection may also have a history of stroke in their family and / or hereditary connective tissue disorders, such as Marfan syndrome, Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease, pseudoxanthoma elasticum, fibromuscular dysplasia, and osteogenesis imperfecta type I . IgG4-related disease involving the carotid artery has also been observed as a cause.
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